Last reviewed · SEPTEMBER 6, 2026

Organization profile

Nation of Hawaiʻi

Every organization on this site uses this same profile template, with the same sections in the same order. No organization receives an additional or promotional section. Where the reviewed records establish nothing on a point, the section says so. Profiles are evaluated using the same editorial standards and evidentiary categories. The amount of detail presented may vary according to the quantity, accessibility, and provenance of documentation available for each organization.

Evidence balance

This is a description of the source mix on this page, not a credibility score and not a ranking. A page can be heavily class A and still describe a contested claim, and a page can be heavily class C simply because the organization is the only party that has published about itself.

Class A5
Class B0
Class C9
Class D6
Class E7
Archive analysis / methodology2

29 citations on this page.

A — Primary government, court, institutional, or authenticated documentary record: A record created by a government, a court, an institution, or the parties to an instrument, held by that body or an archive, or a document whose authenticity has been established.
B — Independent journalism or reputable third-party reporting: Reporting, scholarship, or third-party documentation produced independently of the organization.
C — Organization-produced documentation: Material produced or published by the organization itself. Class C is not treated as false: it establishes what the organization documented or asserted. Broader claims that depend on outside acceptance — recognition, another party's status, or an outcome — require corroboration from class A or B.
D — Claim with limited or incomplete independent corroboration: A reference was located, but independent corroboration is partial or has not been confirmed against a primary source.
E — No reliable source located: No reliable source was located for the statement.
ARCHIVE ANALYSIS / METHODOLOGY — Not an external evidence source: This site's own source review, editorial policy, methodology statement, archive assessment, or a conclusion derived from the material above. It is not an external evidence source and is deliberately kept outside classes A through E.

Classes A through E are applied to every organization on this site, by the same rule, with no organization held to a stricter or looser standard than another. The archive's own source review, editorial policy, methodology, and assessments are labelled ARCHIVE ANALYSIS / METHODOLOGY and are never counted as class A through E evidence. Class C — organization-produced documentation — is not treated as false; it establishes what the organization documented or asserted, and may require outside corroboration before a broader claim rests on it.

Evidence status labels

Each section below carries one of these six statuses, derived the same way for every organization on this site. A status describes how a section’s sources stand together. It is not a score and not a ranking. Absence of documentation is not automatically evidence that an event did not occur.

Strongly corroborated: Multiple meaningful independent primary or institutional sources establish the proposition.
Corroborated: At least one meaningful independent, counterparty, court, government, institutional, or reputable third-party source establishes the core proposition.
Partially corroborated: Some outside evidence supports part of the proposition, but the broader or full claim is not independently established.
Organization documentation: The proposition is primarily supported by documentation produced or published by the organization itself.
Oral / traditional testimony: Evidence derives primarily from firsthand, oral, genealogical, or traditional accounts. Recorded on its own terms and not treated as lesser, while being kept distinct from independently verified documentary records.
No documentation located: The review has not located adequate supporting evidence for the proposition. Absence of documentation is not automatically evidence that an event did not occur.

Self-described name and status

Organization documentation

Describes itself as the Nation of Hawaiʻi, a continuing Hawaiian nation distinct from the United States, seated at Puʻuhonua o Waimānalo.

Class COrganization-published materials (self-published).Self-published. Reported as the organization's own description, not as an established fact.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Organization-published materials (self-published).
Independent corroboration
Evidence class C
Self-published. Reported as the organization's own description, not as an established fact.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Founded

Partially corroborated

The organization dates its founding to 1994.

Class DSecondary references only: organization materials and contemporaneous news coverage of the Waimānalo land set-aside; no specific news publication was identified in this review.Single independent source. Accessed September 6, 2026. Related activity predates 1994; the date marks the current organizational form.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Secondary references only: organization materials and contemporaneous news coverage of the Waimānalo land set-aside; no specific news publication was identified in this review.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class D
Single independent source. Accessed September 6, 2026. Related activity predates 1994; the date marks the current organizational form.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Leadership or governing body

Organization documentation

Identifies Dennis “Bumpy” Kanahele as head of state, with a supporting council.

Class COrganization-published materials (self-published).Self-published. Reported as the organization's own description, not as an established fact.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Organization-published materials (self-published).
Independent corroboration
Evidence class C
Self-published. Reported as the organization's own description, not as an established fact.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Political model

Organization documentation

The organization states that the Hawaiian nation continues to exist as an entity distinct from the United States.

Class COrganization published materials.Organization-produced only. Accessed September 6, 2026. U.S. and state authorities do not accept the assertion.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Organization published materials.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class C
Organization-produced only. Accessed September 6, 2026. U.S. and state authorities do not accept the assertion.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

The organization describes leadership by a head of state with a supporting council.

Class COrganization published materials.Organization-produced only. Accessed September 6, 2026. No independent record of council composition or elections was located.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Organization published materials.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class C
Organization-produced only. Accessed September 6, 2026. No independent record of council composition or elections was located.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Stated mission

Organization documentation

States the objective of restoring Hawaiian independence and maintaining a self-governing community.

Class COrganization-published materials (self-published).Self-published. Reported as the organization's own description, not as an established fact.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Organization-published materials (self-published).
Independent corroboration
Evidence class C
Self-published. Reported as the organization's own description, not as an established fact.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Claimed constituency

No documentation located

No verified enrollment figure for the organization was located.

Class ENo source located in the records reviewed.None located. Accessed September 6, 2026. Absence from the records reviewed is not evidence that no such record exists. This site's review is limited to publicly reachable sources.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
No source located in the records reviewed.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class E
None located. Accessed September 6, 2026. Absence from the records reviewed is not evidence that no such record exists. This site's review is limited to publicly reachable sources.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Claimed territory

Partially corroborated

The organization occupies a Waimānalo site set aside by the State of Hawaiʻi in 1994.

Class DSecondary references only: State of Hawaiʻi land set-aside record and news coverage; neither the specific record nor the article was located in this review.Single independent source. Accessed September 6, 2026. The set-aside is a state land arrangement and is not an act of recognition of sovereignty.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Secondary references only: State of Hawaiʻi land set-aside record and news coverage; neither the specific record nor the article was located in this review.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class D
Single independent source. Accessed September 6, 2026. The set-aside is a state land arrangement and is not an act of recognition of sovereignty.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Governing documents

Organization documentation

The organization states that it ratified a constitution in the 1990s.

Class COrganization published materials.Organization-produced only. Accessed September 6, 2026. A dated ratification record from an independent repository was not located. Requires source review.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Organization published materials.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class C
Organization-produced only. Accessed September 6, 2026. A dated ratification record from an independent repository was not located. Requires source review.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Current documented activities

Partially corroborated

The organization operates Puʻuhonua o Waimānalo as its seat.

Class DSecondary references only: news coverage and State of Hawaiʻi land records for the 1994 set-aside; neither the specific article nor the land record was located in this review.Single independent source. Accessed September 6, 2026. Program scale and current membership are not established.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Secondary references only: news coverage and State of Hawaiʻi land records for the 1994 set-aside; neither the specific article nor the land record was located in this review.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class D
Single independent source. Accessed September 6, 2026. Program scale and current membership are not established.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Community service & cultural work

Partially corroborated

Reporting documents a residential village at Puʻuhonua o Waimānalo with taro cultivation, a Hawaiian-language and cultural education program, and food and supply distribution to residents and neighbors, including during the COVID-19 period.

Class DSecondary references only: independent news reporting on Puʻuhonua o Waimānalo; no specific article was identified in this review.Reporting describes programs at particular moments; it does not establish continuous operation.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Secondary references only: independent news reporting on Puʻuhonua o Waimānalo; no specific article was identified in this review.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class D
Reporting describes programs at particular moments; it does not establish continuous operation.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

This category records documented community service and cultural work on its own terms. It is not scored, weighted, or compared between organizations. Where the entry reads “no documentation located,” no record was found in this review; that is not evidence that the activity never occurred.

Domestic legal record

Corroborated

Its leader was a party in federal and state criminal proceedings in the 1980s and 1990s.

Class AU.S. District Court for the District of Hawaiʻi and Hawaiʻi state court records (outcomes recorded; no docket numbers or opinion citations located in this review).Independently corroborated. Accessed September 6, 2026. See the criminal-cases section for the specific counts and outcomes.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaiʻi and Hawaiʻi state court records (outcomes recorded; no docket numbers or opinion citations located in this review).
Independent corroboration
Evidence class A
Independently corroborated. Accessed September 6, 2026. See the criminal-cases section for the specific counts and outcomes.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

External engagements

No documentation located

No external engagement in any other category was located in the records reviewed.

Class ENo source located.None located. Accessed September 6, 2026. Absence from the records reviewed is not evidence that no engagement occurred.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
No source located.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class E
None located. Accessed September 6, 2026. Absence from the records reviewed is not evidence that no engagement occurred.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

No United Nations filing, testimony, or correspondence was located.

Class ENo source located in the records reviewed.None located. Accessed September 6, 2026. Absence from the records reviewed is not evidence that no such record exists. This site's review is limited to publicly reachable sources.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
No source located in the records reviewed.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class E
None located. Accessed September 6, 2026. Absence from the records reviewed is not evidence that no such record exists. This site's review is limited to publicly reachable sources.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Formal state / diplomatic recognition

No documentation located

No formal act of recognition by a UN member state was located in the records reviewed.

Class ENo instrument or official state record located.None located. Accessed September 6, 2026. Recognition would be evidenced by the recognizing state's own instrument. Correspondence, meetings, and agreements with nongovernmental or Indigenous bodies do not substitute for it.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
No instrument or official state record located.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class E
None located. Accessed September 6, 2026. Recognition would be evidenced by the recognizing state's own instrument. Correspondence, meetings, and agreements with nongovernmental or Indigenous bodies do not substitute for it.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Indigenous / traditional / royal relationships

Partially corroborated

Contemporaneous reporting documents relationships with Native Hawaiian community groups, cultural practitioners, and other Indigenous delegations visiting Puʻuhonua o Waimānalo.

Class DSecondary references only: contemporaneous news reporting alongside organization-published accounts; no specific news publication was identified in this review.Single independent source. Accessed September 6, 2026. Community and cultural relationships are recorded on their own terms and are not acts of recognition by any state.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Secondary references only: contemporaneous news reporting alongside organization-published accounts; no specific news publication was identified in this review.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class D
Single independent source. Accessed September 6, 2026. Community and cultural relationships are recorded on their own terms and are not acts of recognition by any state.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Traditional and Indigenous recognition can have substantial cultural, genealogical, political, and community significance. The archive documents it on its own terms while distinguishing it from formal diplomatic recognition by a UN member state.

Organization-produced evidence

Organization documentation

Constitution and governance descriptions are organization-produced.

Class C8 organization-produced sources (class C) cited in the sourced sections of this profile, excluding these summary lines.Class C establishes what the organization documented or asserted; it does not establish that an outside party accepted it.
Archive analysis / methodologyThis site's own source review.Organization-produced only. Accessed September 6, 2026. Organization-produced material is evidence of assertion, not of external acceptance.

Source / Evidence(2)

Compiled or secondary
8 organization-produced sources (class C) cited in the sourced sections of this profile, excluding these summary lines.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class C
Class C establishes what the organization documented or asserted; it does not establish that an outside party accepted it.
No direct document link recorded for this source.
Compiled or secondary
This site's own source review.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class M
Organization-produced only. Accessed September 6, 2026. Organization-produced material is evidence of assertion, not of external acceptance.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Independent corroboration

Corroborated

The land arrangement and court proceedings are documented by independent records; governance claims are not.

Class A4 primary government, court, institutional, or authenticated records (class A) cited in the sourced sections of this profile, excluding these summary lines.
Archive analysis / methodologyThis site's own source review.Independently corroborated. Accessed September 6, 2026. Independent corroboration covers the legal and land record only.

Source / Evidence(2)

Compiled or secondary
4 primary government, court, institutional, or authenticated records (class A) cited in the sourced sections of this profile, excluding these summary lines.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class A
No direct document link recorded for this source.
Compiled or secondary
This site's own source review.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class M
Independently corroborated. Accessed September 6, 2026. Independent corroboration covers the legal and land record only.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Disputed or unresolved claims

Partially corroborated

The 1994 Waimānalo land arrangement is a State of Hawaiʻi set-aside. It is a land-use arrangement under state law and is not an act of recognition of sovereignty.

Class DSecondary references only: State of Hawaiʻi land set-aside record and contemporaneous reporting; neither the specific record nor the article was located in this review.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Secondary references only: State of Hawaiʻi land set-aside record and contemporaneous reporting; neither the specific record nor the article was located in this review.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class D
No direct document link recorded for this source.

U.S. / state characterization

Strongly corroborated

U.S. and state authorities treat the organization as a private association subject to their jurisdiction. The 2002 state pardon reached the state convictions only and was not an act of recognition.

Class AState v. Lorenzo, 77 Haw. 219 (1994)The court rejected a Kingdom-continuity defense because the defendant did not establish his factual premise. Commentators dispute how far the holding reaches.
Class AExecutive clemency record, State of Hawaiʻi (2002).A state pardon cannot reach a federal conviction.

Source / Evidence(2)

Compiled or secondary
State v. Lorenzo, 77 Haw. 219 (1994)
Independent corroboration
Evidence class A
The court rejected a Kingdom-continuity defense because the defendant did not establish his factual premise. Commentators dispute how far the holding reaches.
No direct document link recorded for this source.
Compiled or secondary
Executive clemency record, State of Hawaiʻi (2002).
Independent corroboration
Evidence class A
A state pardon cannot reach a federal conviction.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Sovereignty-continuity interpretation

Organization documentation

Advocates read the community's continuous self-governance at Waimānalo as the practical exercise of a sovereignty they argue was never lawfully extinguished. This is a legal and political argument, not an established legal status.

Class CContinuity argument as stated in movement publications.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Continuity argument as stated in movement publications.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class C
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Leadership & institutional accountability

Corroborated

Head of state with a supporting council, as described by the organization.

Class COrganization published materials.No independent record of council composition was located.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Organization published materials.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class C
No independent record of council composition was located.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Financial transparency: no audited financial statements or public financial filings were located. Absence of filings may reflect the organization's form rather than any irregularity.

Class ENo source located.Requires source review.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
No source located.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class E
Requires source review.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Leadership & institutional accountability — Dennis “Bumpy” Kanahele [Protest / sovereignty activity; Contextually relevant] (Pardoned conviction; Felony conviction): State convictions for assault (1984) and terroristic threatening (1987) were pardoned by Governor Cayetano in 2002. In 1997 he pleaded guilty to a federal felony count of interfering with a deputy U.S. marshal. Arrest, charge, dismissal, acquittal, conviction, civil judgment, administrative finding, and allegation are distinct; an arrest or charge alone establishes no guilt.

Class AU.S. District Court for the District of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi state records, and contemporaneous news coverage (outcomes recorded; no docket numbers, opinion citations, or specific articles located in this review).A state pardon does not reach a federal conviction; the 1997 federal conviction stands.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi state records, and contemporaneous news coverage (outcomes recorded; no docket numbers, opinion citations, or specific articles located in this review).
Independent corroboration
Evidence class A
A state pardon does not reach a federal conviction; the 1997 federal conviction stands.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Leadership conduct may affect institutional trust and accountability. It does not determine whether the historical Hawaiian Kingdom existed or resolve the legal question of state continuity, and it does not determine whether a people possesses a right to self-determination.

Class EEditorial policy of this site.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Editorial policy of this site.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class E
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Organization response

No documentation located

No written response or additional primary material from Nation of Hawaiʻi has been published on this profile as of September 6, 2026. No record of outreach to the organization by this archive has been documented, so nothing here should be read as a failure or refusal to respond. Organizations may submit additional primary materials or a written response through the archive's correction and response process, and it is published alongside this profile without editing for position.

Class EEditorial policy of this site.This is a statement of process, not a finding about the organization.

Source / Evidence(1)

Compiled or secondary
Editorial policy of this site.
Independent corroboration
Evidence class E
This is a statement of process, not a finding about the organization.
No direct document link recorded for this source.

Evidence summary

The puʻuhonua at Waimānalo is a functioning community operating under a 55-year state land-use agreement signed in 1994. Kanahele's documented activity centers on cultural and land-based organizing at the puʻuhonua, pursued through direct action and public advocacy; no international-forum proceedings were located. The leadership record is set out in the Leadership & Institutional Accountability section of this profile and is not part of this summary.

Archive Assessment

The documented activity consists of land-based and cultural organizing at the puʻuhonua and public advocacy; no international-forum proceedings were located. The leadership record is recorded separately and does not bear on the continuity question.

Sources for this summary

Detailed Legal Record and Organization-Supplied Documentation

The materials below are retained for archival and research purposes. Inclusion does not constitute independent verification of every claim contained in the source material. Where possible, the Hawaiʻi Sovereignty Archive distinguishes court records, government records, contemporaneous third-party reporting, and materials supplied or compiled by the organization itself.

This subsection sits outside the comparative profile above. It is not a ranking, a score, or a measure of any organization’s standing, and the number of entries reflects only how much documentation this review has located and cited.

Editorial rule — adverse and misconduct-related records

Adverse or misconduct-related material is classified by what the record actually establishes. A fact established by a primary record or a reliable independent source is stated plainly and is not softened because it may harm a reputation. An allegation is not described as proven misconduct. Conduct is not called fraud, theft, corruption, or a scam unless a court or other competent authority made that finding, or the term appears in a source and is attributed to that source. Audit findings are described as audit findings; findings reported by a news outlet are attributed to that outlet. A criminal charge is never described as a conviction; a dismissed case states the dismissal; a conviction states the offense and disposition where known; and where later proceedings changed a case's status, that later procedural history is included. Euphemism is avoided: where a source establishes something specific, the specific statement is used rather than a vaguer one.

Alleged: An allegation, a criminal charge, a civil complaint, or an accusation made by another organization. Unproven; no competent authority has made a finding on it.
Reported: Reported by a news outlet or other third party and attributed to that source. Reporting is not an official finding.
Audited: An audit finding or an administrative finding, described in the terms the audit or agency used. An audit finding is not a court judgment.
Adjudicated: A court, tribunal, or appellate body entered a decision, judgment, plea disposition, or settlement in the matter. The specific disposition is stated.
Convicted: A criminal conviction was entered. The offense and disposition are stated where the located records establish them.
Dismissed: The matter, or the counts identified, were dismissed. A dismissal is stated as a dismissal and is not reported as an unresolved accusation.
Unresolved: No disposition, finding, or outcome has been located. Absence of a located outcome is not evidence either way.

Primary record completeness

Primary record completeness is a separate field from the evidence-status label. The label states what the located record establishes; this field states how complete that documentation is. A missing locator is never treated as doubt about an otherwise documented outcome, and an incomplete record is never read against the subject.

Complete: The primary record is located, cited to a specific document, and reachable by a reader.
Partial: Part of the primary record is located and cited; identified elements of it are not.
Secondary-only: The statement rests on reporting or another secondary account. No primary record has been obtained.
Primary locator missing: The outcome itself is documented, but no item-level citation or online locator for the primary file has been obtained. This is a citation gap, not doubt about the outcome.
Further verification required: A named record must be requested or a later filing checked before the entry can be stated more fully.

United States v. Kanahele — federal prosecution (D. Haw. Cr. No. 95-00567)

Evidence statusConvicted

1995–1998 · U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaiʻi

Indicted August 2, 1995 on three federal counts: obstructing a federal arrest warrant (18 U.S.C. § 1501), forcibly interfering with a U.S. marshal (18 U.S.C. § 111), and harboring a federal fugitive (18 U.S.C. § 1071). The October 1995 trial ended in a mistrial on the two more serious counts after juror misconduct was discovered, and the court denied a double-jeopardy motion to bar retrial (United States v. Kanahele, 951 F. Supp. 928 (D. Haw. 1996)). On September 12, 1997 Kanahele pleaded guilty to the felony count of interfering with a deputy U.S. marshal and the government dismissed the two remaining counts. He was sentenced February 5, 1998 to four months in prison — nearly all credited to pretrial detention — a $500 fine, and four months of electronic monitoring. Governor Cayetano’s 2002 pardon reached his state convictions only; a Hawaiʻi governor’s clemency power does not extend to a federal conviction. Primary federal docket documents not yet linked.

Primary record completeness — Partial

Highest source class located: United States v. Kanahele, 951 F. Supp. 928 (D. Haw. 1996) — published opinion, which documents the indictment counts, the mistrial and the retrial ruling.
Exact missing record: The docket for D. Haw. Cr. No. 95-00567 and its item-level entries: the plea agreement and plea colloquy of September 12, 1997, the government’s dismissal of the two remaining counts, and the February 5, 1998 judgment and commitment. Primary federal docket documents not yet linked; the plea and sentencing facts currently rest on contemporaneous reporting (Honolulu Weekly, Sept. 17–23, 1997; AP and Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Feb. 3–5, 1998).
What that record would clarify: The exact statutory count of conviction, the plea terms, and the precise sentence as entered.
Current wording: Safe as written. The felony plea, the dismissed counts and the sentence are stated as reported, and the state-only reach of the 2002 pardon is stated. The plea is not described as a misdemeanor and the pardon is not described as reaching the federal conviction.
Next verification step: Retrieve the docket and the plea and judgment documents for D. Haw. Cr. No. 95-00567 through PACER or the RECAP archive; attach item-level docket citations once obtained.

Underlying court or government record

United States v. Kanahele, 951 F. Supp. 928 (D. Haw. 1996) — published opinion on the double-jeopardy motion (CourtListener)

Sources

Each source below is cited to the specific statement it supports in the section above. This list is a summary of those citations, not a general bibliography, and no source is carried over from Kingdom-era history unless it supports a statement about this organization.

Class COrganization-published materials (self-published).Self-published. Reported as the organization's own description, not as an established fact.
Class DSecondary references only: organization materials and contemporaneous news coverage of the Waimānalo land set-aside; no specific news publication was identified in this review.Single independent source. Accessed September 6, 2026. Related activity predates 1994; the date marks the current organizational form.
Class COrganization published materials.Organization-produced only. Accessed September 6, 2026. U.S. and state authorities do not accept the assertion.
Class ENo source located in the records reviewed.None located. Accessed September 6, 2026. Absence from the records reviewed is not evidence that no such record exists. This site's review is limited to publicly reachable sources.
Class DSecondary references only: State of Hawaiʻi land set-aside record and news coverage; neither the specific record nor the article was located in this review.Single independent source. Accessed September 6, 2026. The set-aside is a state land arrangement and is not an act of recognition of sovereignty.
Class DSecondary references only: news coverage and State of Hawaiʻi land records for the 1994 set-aside; neither the specific article nor the land record was located in this review.Single independent source. Accessed September 6, 2026. Program scale and current membership are not established.
Class DSecondary references only: independent news reporting on Puʻuhonua o Waimānalo; no specific article was identified in this review.Reporting describes programs at particular moments; it does not establish continuous operation.
Class AU.S. District Court for the District of Hawaiʻi and Hawaiʻi state court records (outcomes recorded; no docket numbers or opinion citations located in this review).Independently corroborated. Accessed September 6, 2026. See the criminal-cases section for the specific counts and outcomes.
Class ENo source located.None located. Accessed September 6, 2026. Absence from the records reviewed is not evidence that no engagement occurred.
Class ENo instrument or official state record located.None located. Accessed September 6, 2026. Recognition would be evidenced by the recognizing state's own instrument. Correspondence, meetings, and agreements with nongovernmental or Indigenous bodies do not substitute for it.
Class DSecondary references only: contemporaneous news reporting alongside organization-published accounts; no specific news publication was identified in this review.Single independent source. Accessed September 6, 2026. Community and cultural relationships are recorded on their own terms and are not acts of recognition by any state.
Class C8 organization-produced sources (class C) cited in the sourced sections of this profile, excluding these summary lines.Class C establishes what the organization documented or asserted; it does not establish that an outside party accepted it.
Archive analysis / methodologyThis site's own source review.Organization-produced only. Accessed September 6, 2026. Organization-produced material is evidence of assertion, not of external acceptance.
Class A4 primary government, court, institutional, or authenticated records (class A) cited in the sourced sections of this profile, excluding these summary lines.
Class DSecondary references only: State of Hawaiʻi land set-aside record and contemporaneous reporting; neither the specific record nor the article was located in this review.
Class AState v. Lorenzo, 77 Haw. 219 (1994)The court rejected a Kingdom-continuity defense because the defendant did not establish his factual premise. Commentators dispute how far the holding reaches.
Class AExecutive clemency record, State of Hawaiʻi (2002).A state pardon cannot reach a federal conviction.
Class CContinuity argument as stated in movement publications.
Class AU.S. District Court for the District of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi state records, and contemporaneous news coverage (outcomes recorded; no docket numbers, opinion citations, or specific articles located in this review).A state pardon does not reach a federal conviction; the 1997 federal conviction stands.
Class EEditorial policy of this site.

Last reviewed

This profile was last reviewed on September 6, 2026. Statements about the absence of a record describe the records reviewed on that date only.