Who is claiming sovereignty — and on what basis.

Argues the Hawaiian Kingdom continues to exist as a state under international law, presently under prolonged U.S. occupation. Led by Dr. Keanu Sai.

Legal / historical basis1849 Treaty of Friendship; Hague Conventions IV & V (1907); Permanent Court of Arbitration, Larsen v. Hawaiian Kingdom (1999–2001).

A native initiative for Hawaiian self-governance modeled in part on Native American nation-within-a-nation status. Has drafted its own constitution and operated as a citizen-driven nation since 1987.

Legal / historical basisApology Resolution (1993); U.S. trust relationship with Indigenous peoples; UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007).

Headed by Dennis "Bumpy" Kanahele on land set aside by the State of Hawaiʻi in 1994. Asserts the continuing existence of the Hawaiian nation distinct from the United States.

Legal / historical basis1893 Protest of the Queen; 1897 Kūʻē Petitions; Apology Resolution.

A semi-autonomous state agency, not a sovereignty group per se, but a major institutional voice. Manages a trust derived from ceded-lands revenue and has pursued federal recognition strategies.

Legal / historical basisHawaiʻi Constitution Article XII; Hawaiian Homes Commission Act (1921); Admission Act §5(f).

Inheritors of the name and spirit of the 1893 patriotic leagues. Focused on archival recovery, language reclamation, and public education rather than direct political organization.

Legal / historical basisContinuity of the 1893 Hui Aloha ʻĀina civic tradition; preservation of Hawaiian-language newspapers (nūpepa) record.

State-supported effort to enroll Native Hawaiians and convene a governance ʻaha. The 2016 ʻaha drafted a constitution that has not been ratified; the process was contentious within the Hawaiian community.

Legal / historical basisAct 195 (2011), State of Hawaiʻi; 2014 DOI procedural rules on government-to-government relationships.